31 benefícios à saúde do fumo de tabaco (com referências)
Este artigo é um repost de Gordon Vick.
1. A exposição à fumaça do
cigarro mostrou ter um efeito atenuante sobre os tumores causados por radônio³.
2. Fumar tem efeito supressivo
sobre a pneumonia causada por radiação³.
3. De acordo com seis estudos,
fumantes tem menor risco de desenvolver câncer de pulmão causado por exposição
a amianto⁵.
4. Fumantes mostraram uma reação
inflamatória significativamente diminuída, isto é, níveis reduzidos de
mastócitos e linfócitos, quando comparado a não fumantes e a grupos-controle⁷.
5. Mineiros fortemente expostos a
fumaça de diesel têm três maior risco de morrer de câncer de pulmão do que
mineiros com baixa exposição. Para os não fumantes, o risco é sete vezes
maior⁸.
6. Médicos não conseguem
diferenciar um pulmão de um fumante de um pulmão de um não fumante10.
7. A estimulação por nicotina
exerce um papel fundamental na supressão da produção de citoquinas, podendo
diminuir ou atrasar significativamente as respostas inflamatórias e auto-imunes
do sistema nervoso central e, ainda, atenuar a inflamação neurológica13.
8. Ratos injetados com doses
letais do vírus da gripe A tratados com nicotina também apresentaram taxas de
sobrevivência maiores quando comparados aos grupos-controle13.
9. Pessoas que receberam doses de
nicotina, mesmo sendo fumantes ou não, obtiveram melhor desempenho na maioria
dos testes, especialmente nas áreas de memória, velocidade, precisão, foco e
atenção14.
10. Usuários de nicotina tiveram um desempenho
significativamente melhor em outras áreas como memória de longo prazo, memória
semântica, aritmética e cálculos complexos e habilidades motoras grosseiras14.
11. A nicotina obtida através do
fumo produz melhorias na eficiência mental15.
12. A nicotina obtida através do
fumo está associada a níveis mais baixos de isolamento social, melhor função
cognitiva e respostas emocionais e motivacionais mais diretas16.
13. Em voluntários saudáveis, a
nicotina melhora a atenção em uma ampla variedade de atividades17.
14. Em voluntários saudáveis, a
nicotina melhora a memória imediata e a de longo prazo17.
15. A nicotina melhora a atenção
de pacientes com provável doença de Alzheimer17.
16. Os fumantes têm níveis
significativamente mais baixos de ambos os tipos de monoamina oxidase (A e B);
isto é, o tabaco age como um antidepressivo natural, sem nenhum dos horríveis
efeitos colaterais comuns em muitos fármacos18.
17. Nos pulmões de fumantes,
encontram-se 80% mais glutationa do que nos não fumantes22. Ela desempenha
um papel crítico nos processos de desintoxicação e é conhecida como “a mãe de
todos os antioxidantes”. Maiores concentrações de glutationa nos pulmões
oferece uma maior proteção contra matérias estranhas e agentes patogênicos.
18. Fumar supraregula a resposta
adaptativa de glutationa. DPOC (doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica) é causada
pela baixa atividade de “resposta adaptativa de glutationa”23.
Então, fumar obviamente não causa CPOC. Pela lógica, deveria ser admitido que
fumar previne DPOC.
19. Os níveis da enzima superóxido
dismutase no sangue e na saliva são significativamente maiores em fumantes do
que em não fumantes e nos grupos-controle24. Isto possivelmente pode
explicar como o fumo de tabaco consegue prevenir câncer de pulmão nos casos de
inalação de radiação, gases de escapamento e amianto.
20. Eficácias terapêuticas do
monóxido de carbono (como a da fumaça do cigarro) têm sido demonstradas em modelos
experimentais de diversas condições, inclusive lesões no pulmão, no coração,
lesões hepáticas e renais I-R, bem como inflamações, como a artrite26.
21. Fumantes, em um grupo de uma
fábrica de alumínio, apresentaram menor prevalência de sintomas respiratórios do
que pessoas que nunca fumaram ou deixaram de fumar.
22. Fumar pode diminuir
fortemente o risco de alguém desenvolver osteoartrite28, além de fornecer
um certo nível de proteção.
23. Fumantes demonstraram ter uma
proteção significativa às quatro partes mais vistas em pacientes com osteoartrite
(joelho, coluna vertebral, mãos e pés)29.
24. O fumo também apresenta
uma relação negativa com a osteoartrite de articulações largas, além de diminuir
o risco de osteoartrite em pessoas obesas30.
25. Comparados a não fumantes, os
fumantes de antigamente tinham o risco 22% menor de desenvolver doença de
Parkinson, enquanto que os fumantes atuais têm, surpreendentemente, o risco 73%
menor33.
26. Quanto mais uma pessoa fuma,
menor é a chance de contrair a doença de Parkinson33
27. O risco de ter mal de Alzheimer
diminui conforme o aumento do número de cigarros diários fumados antes do início da
doença35.
28. Esquizofrênicos, dos quais
90% fumavam, demonstraram ter entre 30% e 60% menos chance de desenvolver
câncer de pulmão e outros tipos de câncer37.
29. Os fumantes atuais têm aproximadamente
42% menos risco de contrair colite ulcerativa, enquanto que os fumantes de
antigamente associavam-se a um risco maior em relação aos não fumantes41.
30. A atividade de sirtuína-1 é
consistentemente supraregulada em fumantes. Esse aumento da atividade da enzima
pode servir como um efeito protetor contra o estresse oxidativo e a danos no DNA56.
31. A maioria das pessoas mais
velhas do mundo foram fumantes. Por exemplo, Jeanne Louise Calment, que fumou
dos 21 aos 117 anos, e morreu aos 12257.
_______________________
Referências
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20. Yen T, Knoll J. Extension of lifespan in mice treated with Dinh lang (Policias fruticosum L.) and (-)deprenyl. [Internet]. PubMed, NCBI1992 [cited 2016 Mar 10];Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1304677
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27. Radon K, Nowak D, Szadkowski D. Lack of combined effects of exposure and smoking on respiratory health in aluminium potroom workers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1999;56:468-472.
28. Felson D, Anderson J, Naimark A, Hannan M, Kannel W, Meenan R. Does smoking protect against osteoarthritis?. Arthritis Care Res 1989;32:166-172.
29. Wilder F, Hall B, Barrett J. Smoking and osteoarthritis: Is there an association? The Clearwater Osteoarthritis Study. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2003;11:29-35.
30. Sandmark H, Hogstedt C, Lewold S, Vingard E. Osteoarthrosis of the knee in men and women in association with overweight, smoking, and hormone therapy. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1999;58:151-155.
31. Gullahorn L, Lippiello L, Karpman R. Smoking and osteoarthritis: differential effect of nicotine on human chondrocyte glycosaminoglycan and collagen synthesis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2005;13:942-943.
32. Thacker E, O’Reilly E, Weisskopf M, Chen H, Schwarzschild M, McCullough M et al. Temporal relationship between cigarette smoking and risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology 2007;68:764-768.
33. Gorell J, Rybicki B, Johnson C, Peterson E. Smoking and Parkinson’s disease: A dose-response relationship. Neurology 1999;52:115-115.
34. Toulorge D, Guerreiro S, Hild A, Maskos U, Hirsch E, Michel P. Neuroprotection of midbrain dopamine neurons by nicotine is gated by cytoplasmic Ca2+. The FASEB Journal 2011;25:2563-2573.
35. van Duijn C, Hofman A. Relation between nicotine intake and Alzheimer’s disease. BMJ 1991;302:1491-1494.
36. Schizophrenia and smoking: an epidemiological survey in a state hospital. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995;152:453-455.
37. Hodgson R, Wildgust H, Bushe C. Review: Cancer and schizophrenia: is there a paradox?. Journal of Psychopharmacology 2010;24:51-60.
38. Nicotine Helps Schizophrenics with Attention and Memory [Internet]. Yale News2005 [cited 2016 Mar 10];Available from: http://news.yale.edu/…/nicotine-helps-schizophrenics-attent…
39. Zammit S, Allebeck P, Dalman C, Lundberg I, Lewis G. Investigating the Association between Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Developing Schizophrenia in a Cohort Study. Clin Sci 2003;104:41P.2-41P.
40. Lashner B. Inflammatory bowel disease: family patterns and risk factors. [Internet]. PubMed, NCBI1992 [cited 2016 Mar 10];Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1424531
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47. Yamauchi K, Nakajima J. Effect of coenzymes and thyroid hormones on the dual activities ofXenopuscytosolic thyroid-hormone-binding protein (xCTBP) with aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. European Journal of Biochemistry 2002;269:2257-2264.
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57. WHITNEY C. Jeanne Calment, World’s Elder, Dies at 122 [Internet]. Nytimes.com2016 [cited 2016 Mar 10];Available from:http://www.nytimes.com/…/jeanne-calment-world-s-elder-dies-…
2. Fisher R. Smoking, the cancer controversy. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd; 1959.
3. Cross F, Palmer R, Filipy R, Dagle G, Stuart B. Carcinogenic Effects of Radon Daughters, Uranium Ore Dust and Cigarette Smoke in Beagle Dogs. Health Physics 1982;42:33-52.
4. Bjermer L, Cai Y, Nilsson K, Hellstrom S, Henriksson R. Tobacco smoke exposure suppresses radiation-induced inflammation in the lung: a study of bronchoalveolar lavage and ultrastructural morphology in the rat [Internet]. 1st ed. [cited 2016 Mar 10]. Available from:http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/erj/6/8/1173.full.pdf
5. Lee P. Relation between exposure to asbestos and smoking jointly and the risk of lung cancer. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2001;58:145-153.
6. BERRY G. The Interaction of Asbestos and Smoking in Lung Cancer: A Modified Measure of Effect. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 2004;48:459-462.
7. Bjermer L, Franzen L, Littbrand B, Nilsson K, Angstrom T, Henriksson R. Effects of Smoking and Irradiated Volume on Inflammatory Response in the Lung of Irradiated Breast Cancer Patients Evaluated with Bronchoalveolar Lavage [Internet]. 1st ed. Cancer Research; 1990 [cited 2016 Mar 10]. Available from:http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/50/7/2027.full.pdf
8. Silverman D, Samanic C, Lubin J, Blair A, Stewart P, Vermeulen R et al. The Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study: A Nested Case–Control Study of Lung Cancer and Diesel Exhaust [Internet]. 1st ed. Oxford University Press 2012; 2011 [cited 2016 Mar 10]. Available from:http://www.oxfordjournals.org/…/press_r…/silvermandjs034.pdf
9. Cancer [Internet]. World Health Organization2016 [cited 2016 Mar 10];Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/
10. Davis F. The Black Lung Lie [Internet]. Frank Davis2012 [cited 2016 Mar 10];Available from: https://cfrankdavis.wordpress.com/…/…/06/the-black-lung-lie/
11. White R. Smoke Screens: Black Lung [Internet]. Smokescreens.org2016 [cited 2016 Mar 10];Available from:http://smokescreens.org/chapter1.htm
12. Segura G. Nicotine – The Zombie Antidote [Internet]. Signs Of The Times2012 [cited 2016 Mar 10];Available from:http://www.sott.net/art…/254745-Nicotine-The-Zombie-Antidote
13. Han Y, Lau Y. Nicotine, an anti-inflammation molecule. Inflammation and Cell Signaling 2014;
14. Heishman S, Kleykamp B, Singleton E. Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance. Psychopharmacology 2010;210:453-469.
15. Wesnes K, Warburton D. Smoking, Nicotine and Human Performance [Internet]. 1st ed. Pergamon Press Ltd; 1983 [cited 2016 Mar 10]. Available from: https://industrydocuments.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/…
16. Esterlis I, Ranganathan M, Bois F, Pittman B, Picciotto M, Shearer L et al. In Vivo Evidence for β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunit Upregulation in Smokers as Compared With Nonsmokers With Schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2014;76:495-502.
17. Warburton D. Nicotine As A Cognitive Enhancer [Internet]. 1st ed. Department of Psychology, University of Reading: Pergamon Press ltd; 1991 [cited 2016 Mar 10]. Available from:https://www.gwern.net/docs/nicotine/1992-warburton.pdf
18. Fowler J, Volkow N, Wang G, Pappas N, Logan J, Shea C et al. Brain monoamine oxidase A inhibition in cigarette smokers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [Internet] 1996 [cited 2016 Mar 10];93:14065-14069. Available from:http://www.pnas.org/content/93/24/14065.full
19. Milgram N, Racine R, Nellis P, Mendonca A, Ivy G. Maintenance on L-deprenyl prolongs life in aged male rats. [Internet]. PubMed, NCBI1990 [cited 2016 Mar 10];Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2118586
20. Yen T, Knoll J. Extension of lifespan in mice treated with Dinh lang (Policias fruticosum L.) and (-)deprenyl. [Internet]. PubMed, NCBI1992 [cited 2016 Mar 10];Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1304677
21. Ballatori N, Krance S, Notenboom S, Shi S, Tieu K, Hammond C. Glutathione dysregulation and the etiology and progression of human diseases. Biological Chemistry 2009;390.
22. Cantin A, North S, Hubbard R, Crystal R. Normal alveolar epithelial lining fluid contains high levels of glutathione. Journal of Applied Physiology [Internet] 1987 [cited 2016 Mar 10];63:152-157. Available from: http://jap.physiology.org/content/63/1/152
23. Gould N, Min E, Gauthier S, Martin R, Day B. Lung glutathione adaptive responses to cigarette smoke exposure. Respiratory Research 2011;12:133.
24. Jenifer H, Bhola S, Kalburgi V, Warad S, Kokatnur V. The influence of cigarette smoking on blood and salivary super oxide dismutase enzyme levels among smokers and nonsmokers—A cross sectional study. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 2015;5:100-105.
25. Mccusker K, Hoidal J. Selective Increase of Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in the Alveolar Macrophages from Cigarette Smokers and Smoke-exposed Hamsters. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141:678-682.
26. Naito Y, Uchiyama K, Takagi T. Therapeutic Potential of Carbon Monoxide (CO) for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Digestion 2015;91.
27. Radon K, Nowak D, Szadkowski D. Lack of combined effects of exposure and smoking on respiratory health in aluminium potroom workers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1999;56:468-472.
28. Felson D, Anderson J, Naimark A, Hannan M, Kannel W, Meenan R. Does smoking protect against osteoarthritis?. Arthritis Care Res 1989;32:166-172.
29. Wilder F, Hall B, Barrett J. Smoking and osteoarthritis: Is there an association? The Clearwater Osteoarthritis Study. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2003;11:29-35.
30. Sandmark H, Hogstedt C, Lewold S, Vingard E. Osteoarthrosis of the knee in men and women in association with overweight, smoking, and hormone therapy. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1999;58:151-155.
31. Gullahorn L, Lippiello L, Karpman R. Smoking and osteoarthritis: differential effect of nicotine on human chondrocyte glycosaminoglycan and collagen synthesis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2005;13:942-943.
32. Thacker E, O’Reilly E, Weisskopf M, Chen H, Schwarzschild M, McCullough M et al. Temporal relationship between cigarette smoking and risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology 2007;68:764-768.
33. Gorell J, Rybicki B, Johnson C, Peterson E. Smoking and Parkinson’s disease: A dose-response relationship. Neurology 1999;52:115-115.
34. Toulorge D, Guerreiro S, Hild A, Maskos U, Hirsch E, Michel P. Neuroprotection of midbrain dopamine neurons by nicotine is gated by cytoplasmic Ca2+. The FASEB Journal 2011;25:2563-2573.
35. van Duijn C, Hofman A. Relation between nicotine intake and Alzheimer’s disease. BMJ 1991;302:1491-1494.
36. Schizophrenia and smoking: an epidemiological survey in a state hospital. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995;152:453-455.
37. Hodgson R, Wildgust H, Bushe C. Review: Cancer and schizophrenia: is there a paradox?. Journal of Psychopharmacology 2010;24:51-60.
38. Nicotine Helps Schizophrenics with Attention and Memory [Internet]. Yale News2005 [cited 2016 Mar 10];Available from: http://news.yale.edu/…/nicotine-helps-schizophrenics-attent…
39. Zammit S, Allebeck P, Dalman C, Lundberg I, Lewis G. Investigating the Association between Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Developing Schizophrenia in a Cohort Study. Clin Sci 2003;104:41P.2-41P.
40. Lashner B. Inflammatory bowel disease: family patterns and risk factors. [Internet]. PubMed, NCBI1992 [cited 2016 Mar 10];Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1424531
41. Bastida B, Beltrán G. Ulcerative colitis in smokers, non-smokers and ex-smokers. World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG [Internet] 2011 [cited 2016 Mar 10];17:2740. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3122262/
42. Thomas G. Role of smoking in inflammatory bowel disease: implications for therapy. Postgraduate Medical Journal 2000;76:273-279.
43. Chu J. The Genetics of Nicotine Addiction [Internet]. MIT Technology Review2007 [cited 2016 Mar 10];Available from:https://www.technologyreview.com/…/the-genetics-of-nicotin…/
44. Davies G, Soundy T. The genetics of smoking and nicotine addiction. S D Med [Internet] 2009;Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19363894
45. Massudi H, Grant R, Guillemin G, Braidy N. NAD + metabolism and oxidative stress: the golden nucleotide on a crown of thorns. Redox Report 2012;17:28-46.
46. Anderson R, Bitterman K, Wood J, Medvedik O, Cohen H, Lin S et al. Manipulation of a nuclear NAD+ salvage pathway delays aging without altering steady-state NAD+ levels. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2013;288:24160-24160.
47. Yamauchi K, Nakajima J. Effect of coenzymes and thyroid hormones on the dual activities ofXenopuscytosolic thyroid-hormone-binding protein (xCTBP) with aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. European Journal of Biochemistry 2002;269:2257-2264.
48. Gomes A, Price N, Ling A, Moslehi J, Montgomery M, Rajman L et al. Declining NAD+ Induces a Pseudohypoxic State Disrupting Nuclear-Mitochondrial Communication during Aging. Cell 2013;155:1624-1638.
49. Prolla T, Denu J. NAD+ Deficiency in Age-Related Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Cell Metabolism 2014;19:178-180.
50. Imai S, Armstrong C, Kaeberlein M, Guarente L. Transcriptional silencing and longevity protein Sir2 is an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase. Nature [Internet] 2000 [cited 2016 Mar 10];Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10693811
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52. Suh J, Sieglaff D, Zhang A, Xia X, Cvoro A, Winnier G et al. SIRT1 is a Direct Coactivator of Thyroid Hormone Receptor β1 with Gene-Specific Actions. PLoS ONE 2013;8:e70097.
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Título original: Health Benefits of Tobacco (with references)
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